1. 
   1
   Muzzle the dog. Whether the dog seems aggressive or not, you need to muzzle itbefore moving it or examining it for injuries. Even a gentle, mild-tempered dog will bite when it is scared or in pain. If you don’t have a muzzle available, lay a piece of cloth across the dog’s nose, as close to the eyes as possible. Next, wrap both ends of the cloth around the dog’s nose and tie the ends in a knot underneath its jaw. Finally, tie the loose ends of the cloth behind the dog’s neck.

   • Some things you can use for a muzzle include a leash, sock, piece of gauze, neck tie, or strip of sheet.^[6]
   • If the dog is vomiting, do not muzzle it. This could cause it to choke.^[7]
2. 
   2
   Look for a back injury. Before moving the dog in any way, look to see if it appears to have a back injury. If it does, do not attempt to move it. Instead, call animal control or a veterinarian to assist you.^[8] Look for the following to identify a possible back injury:

   • Observe whether or not the dog is willing and able to turn or raise its head. If it isn’t, it might have a back injury.
   • Additionally, look for any areas of visible trauma around the back or spine, like bruises or discoloration. If the spine looks abnormally aligned, curving upward for instance, this can also indicate a back injury.
   • Finally, if the dog yelps or moans when its back or neck is touched, there is a good chance it has a back injury.^[9]
3. 
   3
   Shift the dog onto a blanket, coat, or tarp. If you feel confident the dog does not have a back injury, find a blanket, tarp, coat, or shirt you can place the dog on to carry it. Lay the item flat on the ground behind the dog’s back. Using slow, careful movements, shift or slide the dog back onto the blanket, tarp, or coat.

   • If there are other people at the scene, get someone to help you shift the dog onto the blanket.^[10]
4. 
   4
   Move the dog to a safe place. Once you have the dog securely on the blanket, get someone to help you lift the dog. You’ll want to move the dog as little as possible, so if you can, go ahead and place the dog in the back seat of your car. If you cannot place it in your car, find a soft piece of ground where you can administer first aid.^[11]

   • If you are alone at the accident, you can try pulling the dog out of the street once you have it on the blanket. Make sure you can do this without aggravating any current injuries or creating any new cuts or abrasions.

1. 
   1
   Check to see if the dog is breathing. As soon as the dog is moved to safety, check to see if it is breathing. To do so, watch its chest to see if it is rising and falling. If there is no movement, it is not breathing and you should perform artificial respiration, which is where you assist the dog in breathing.^[12]

   • You may also need to perform artificial respiration if the dog has labored breathing, is unconscious, or shows other signs of respiratory suppression, like blue or pale-colored gums, or a staring expression.^[13]
2. 
   2
   Lay the dog on its side. To perform artificial respiration, first lay the dog on its side on a flat surface, pulling the neck and head forward (as long as the dog has no neck or back injuries).^[14]
3. 
   3
   Clear any debris from inside the dog’s mouth. Next, open the dog’s mouth and pull its tongue forward with your fingers. Clear any debris from the dog’s mouth that may be preventing it from breathing or causing it to choke. Once you have removed any debris, close the dog’s mouth.

   • You may need to remove the muzzle for this step. Be careful even if the dog is unconscious, as it could wake up at any moment. Put the muzzle back on once you have cleared its mouth of debris.^[15]
4. 
   4
   Breath into the dog’s nose. After reapplying the muzzle, inhale and place your mouth over the dog’s nose, forming an airtight seal around it. Exhale into the dog’s nose.^[16] Exhale just enough so that the chest expands. You will have to exhale harder for larger dogs and more gently for smaller dogs. Lift the dog’s chin while you are doing this so its throat is straight.^[17]
5. 
   5
   Remove your mouth. Remove your mouth from the dog’s nose after you exhale and allow the dog’s chest to deflate.^[18]
6. 
   6
   Check for a pulse. After the dog’s chest deflates, check to see if it has a pulse. The dog’s heart can still be beating even if it is not breathing. If you cannot find a pulse, you should start chest compressions immediately.^[19]

   • Check for a pulse by placing two fingers on the inside of the dog’s rear thigh.^[20]
7. 
   7
   Start chest compressions if there is no heart beat. If there is another person present, have them help you resuscitate the dog—one of you will perform chest compressions while the other continues artificial respiration. Have one person perform three chest compressions after every time you exhale into the dog’s nose. If you are alone, do five chest compressions for every breath. Use the following procedures to perform chest compressions:

   • For small dogs (30 pounds or less): Lay the dog on its side on a flat surface. Place one hand on top of the other, interlocking your fingers. Place the palm of the bottom hand on the rib cage, over the dog’s heart. Press down, compressing the chest about one inch. Squeeze and release this hold steadily at a rate of 80 to 100 compressions per minute.
   • For large dogs (over 30 pounds): Lay the dog on its side on a flat surface. Place one hand on top of the other, interlocking your fingers. Place the bottom hand over the widest part of the dog’s rib cage (not necessarily over the heart). Push down on the rib cage, keeping your arms straight. Compress the chest about one quarter of its width. Continue to squeeze and release rhythmically at a rate of around 80 compressions per minute.^[21]
8. 
   8
   Repeat this process. You may need to repeat this process 15 to 20 times per minute (or one breath every three seconds, on average) to get the dog breathing normally. When the dog starts to fight the process or you notice its gums are returning to their normal color, the dog’s breathing is improving and you can stop artificial respiration.^[22]

1. 
   1
   Check the dog for signs of shock. Shock occurs when the circulatory system collapses after a traumatic injury. If it is not properly treated, shock can result in death. Check to see if the dog’s body is cool to the touch, if its pulse is weak and rapid, its breathing is shallow and rapid, and if its gums are pale or muddy in color. If the dog has any of these symptoms, it may be in shock.^[23]
2. 
   2
   Clear the dog’s airways. If the dog is showing signs of shock, you should try to get it to a vet as soon as possible. In the meantime, however, make sure all of its airways are clear. To do so, open the dog’s mouth, pull out the tongue with your fingers, and make sure there is no debris blocking its throat. If there are, use your fingers or a pair of tweezers or pliers to remove the debris.^[24]
3. 
   3
   Cover the dog with a coat or blanket. A dog that is in shock may have a drop in body temperature. To keep it warm, cover the dog with a coat, blanket, or a similar item. If you have the dog in your car, you can also turn the heat up to keep it warm.^[25]
4. 
   4
   Keep the dog’s head below its body. Another symptom of shock is unconsciousness. If the dog is unconscious, keep its head below its body to help blood flow. You can also try massaging the legs and body to help increase blood flow.^[26]

1. 
   1
   Look for injuries that are bleeding profusely. Take a thorough look at the dog’s body to determine if it has any injuries that are bleeding excessively. Look for areas in which the fur is saturated with blood or visible wounds from which blood is coming out.^[27]
2. 
   2
   Apply firm pressure to the wound. If the dog is bleeding severely, apply pressure to the wound with a clean piece of gauze or cloth. If the blood seeps through the first piece of gauze, apply another clean piece over it. Do not remove the soiled gauze because you could remove a blood clot that is forming and cause more bleeding.^[28]
3. 
   3
   Apply pressure to the arteries that supply blood. If the bleeding does not slow or stop after applying pressure for several minutes, try to slow the bleeding by applying pressure to the arteries that supply blood to the extremities. These pressure points are located on the inside of the front and back legs and the underside of the base of the tail. Use your fingers to apply pressure to these areas to help slow the bleeding.^[29]
4. 
   4
   Apply a tourniquet. If the bleeding still does not slow, you may need to apply a tourniquet. This should be done only as a last resort. To do so, wrap a strip of cloth or gauze, a belt, leash, or something similar around the wound. You should wrap the item between the wound and the body, about two inches away from the injury. Tie a knot in the cloth and place a strong stick through the loop in the knot. Twist the stick, tightening the cloth around the dog’s leg, until the bleeding slows down or stops. Secure the stick in place with tape or by tying the cloth around it again. Once the tourniquet is in place, cover the wound with a clean piece of gauze or cloth.

   • Never leave the tourniquet on for more than ten minutes at a time. After ten minutes, release the tourniquet for several seconds to allow for some circulation, and then reapply the tourniquet.
   • Never apply a tourniquet around a dog’s neck or over a joint or fracture.
   • Do not use a rope or piece of wire as a tourniquet, as these can cut or irritate the area.^[30]
5. 
   5
   Check for signs of internal bleeding. Internal bleeding can be hard to identify and treat. However, if the dog is bleeding from its mouth or anus, is vomiting blood, has blood in its stool, is in a coma, or in shock, there could be internal bleeding. It is important you get the dog to a vet as quickly as possible if you suspect internal bleeding.^[31]

1. 
   1
   Check for bone injuries. Spotting a broken or fractured bone can be difficult. To do so, look for areas that are swollen, particularly on the dog’s legs. There is often swelling around the break. If the dog is moving around or walking, observe it to determine whether or not it is moving any part of its body unusually. For example, is the dog holding one leg at an odd angle? Or is one of its legs shaped differently than the others? These can all be signs of a bone injury.^[32]
2. 
   2
   Don’t try to reset the injury. If the dog has a broken bone from the accident, it is important that you touch it as little as possible. Don’t ever try to reset the bone—this should only be done by a professional.^[33]
3. 
   3
   Transport the dog with as little movement as possible. Depending on the severity of the break and the size of the dog, you may be able to get the dog to a vet without splinting the injury first. If the dog is small enough, you can hold it, allowing the injured extremity to hang free. If the dog is larger and will not lay still, however, you may need to make a splint for the injury before taking it to the vet.^[34]
4. 
   4
   Make a splint. Most bone injuries are not life threatening, but immobilizing the injury can help prevent complications. To create a splint, find a solid, straight object, like a stick or piece of wood that is long enough to extend past the joints above and below the break. Place one of the sticks or pieces of wood on each side of the broken bone and secure them in place by wrapping or tying a cloth or rope around them.^[35]
5. 
   5
   Use caution if you suspect a broken neck or back. If you think the dog might have a broken neck or back, it is best to wait for animal control to arrive and assist you in treating the dog. If you have to move the dog, however, do so with as little movement as possible. Try to find a flat, hard surface, like a large board, to transport the dog on.^[36]

1. 
   1
   Call the vet on your way. Let the vet know you are coming so they can be prepared to take care of the dog as soon as you arrive. Also, let them know if you will need help getting the dog inside to prevent any further injuries.^[37]
2. 
   2
   Relay as much information as you can. Tell the vet everything you can about the condition of the dog. For instance, relay any measures you have already taken, like splinting a bone injury or applying a tourniquet. In addition, give them a general assessment of the dog’s vital signs. Is it breathing on its own? Is its body cool to the touch? Does the dog appear to be unconscious? The more information you can give the vet before you get there, the better they will be able to take care of the dog.^[38]
3. 
   3
   Drive carefully. You will, no doubt, want to get to the vet’s office as quickly as possible, but you should be careful to drive cautiously so you do not end up in a second accident. Observe all traffic laws and stay calm while you are driving.^[39]

reference: https://www.wikihow.com/Help-a-Dog-Hurt-in-a-Traffic-Accident

1. 
   1
   Provide a comfortable resting place. Make sure your pup has a warm spot where they’ll feel safe, during recovery. Dogs recovering from stroke can be confused or stressed. If they already have a regular spot, add some extra padding, blankets, or cushions to the area to make them more comfortable. It’s especially important to keep them warm without overheating. Your veterinarian will be an excellent resource to help you provide optimal comfort for your pup, once they return home.^[7]
2. 
   2
   Reposition your dog regularly. If they are unable to move freely, your pup may develop sores or body aches when they rest too long in the same spot. Gently shift them to another side or onto their stomach periodically to avoid this. If your dog is unable to move well enough to go outside to dispose of waste, you may want to position them in hay, wood chips, or other disposable, absorbent materials.^[8]
3. 
   3
   Administer medications as instructed. Depending on the cause or resultant medical concerns of your dog’s stroke, you may need to provide them with a variety of prescription medicines. Sedatives may be prescribed for anxious or disoriented dogs, especially those who demonstrate aggressive behaviors. Anti-nausea medication may be prescribed if your pup is dizzy and unable to keep down foods. Anti-inflammatories are prescribed for dogs who still have swelling concerns, and anticonvulsants may be used to prevent seizures.^[9]
4. 
   4
   Take your dog to the vet regularly. More frequent preventive doctor visits are important for dogs who’ve suffered a stroke. Going to the vet at least twice a year gives your vet the opportunity to screen for early indicators of stroke as well as numerous other canine illnesses that you may not recognize yourself. Your vet can then guide you through providing the best care for your dog at home.^[10]
5. 
   5
   Determine the cause of the stroke. It’s important to know what type of stroke your dog has experienced. Strokes can be caused by a blood clot or bleeding in the brain. This may occur with little or no warning or as the result of prolonged poor health caused by high blood pressure, infection, cancer, kidney disease, or heart health issues. It’s important to work with the vet to understand the root cause of the stroke in order to develop a treatment plan to prevent recurrence.

   • For instance, a dog whose stroke is the result of high blood pressure may need to take regular medication to reduce blood pressure.^[11]
6. 
   6
   Differentiate between heat stroke and vestibular disease. Heat stroke occurs when your dog’s body temperature is elevated above 103° F or 39° C for an extended period of time. This can lead to brain and other organ damage or failure. The symptoms are very similar to strokes caused by vestibular disease, but the causes are much different and easier to prevent by making sure you’re helping the dog stay cool and providing plenty of water on hot days.

   • Dogs can also suffer heat stroke caused by prolonged temperature as a result of illness or infection. Make sure to take your pet to the vet, if they show signs of sickness or infection like vomiting or lethargy.
   • Rarely, dogs experience a genetic malformation that causes them to be incapable of regulating body temperature. This is much more difficult to treat and will require ongoing maintenance performed by your vet.^[12]
7. 
   7
   Increase your dog’s antioxidant intake. Check your pet food for the inclusion of common natural antioxidants like vitamins C and E and citric acid. You may also find synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT on the ingredient list. Antioxidants are essential to prevent the negative effects of oxidation, which causes degeneration of healthy cells in the brain and other organs. Thus, the risk of stroke and other health concerns increases.

   • Dogs often eat herbs like rosemary in the wild that boost their antioxidant intake, so consider including some fresh rosemary in your dog’s daily meals.^[13]
8. 
   8
   Feed your pup a diet high in omega fatty acids. Omega 3s are thought to help dog’s recovering from a stroke because the Omega 3 fatty acids are concentrated in the brain where they create connections between the various parts of the brain. They also reduce inflammation and increase the flow of oxygen through the body, which is essential for the healthy function of every part of the body.

   • You can look for store-bought foods that include Omega 3s, or you can give your dog Omega 3 supplements. Check with your vet before beginning this course of treatment.^[14]

1. 
   1
   Watch your dog’s movements. You may not be present when your dog has a stroke, so it’s important to know the warning signs that one has occurred. Your pup may become imbalanced, lean to the side, or be completely incapable of walking. Other pets begin walking in circles because they are disoriented. If you notice any of these telltale signs, proceed to your nearest emergency pet hospital or your veterinarian’s office if possible.^[15]
2. 
   2
   Look at your dog’s eyes. If their eyes are moving rapidly from side to side, they may be having a stroke or they may have had one previously. This is called nystagmus, and it may also cause your dog to be unable to focus their eyes. Nystagmus may not happen constantly, but following a stroke or during a stroke, you will likely see some indicator that your dog’s eyes are unfocused, rapidly moving, or irregularly positioned (cross-eyed).^[16]
3. 
   3
   Count your dog’s breaths. Rapid breathing is another early indicator your dog is experiencing a stroke, may have a stroke, or has already had a stroke. Many dogs pant as though they are too warm, but in others, you will simply see their sides rising and falling very quickly. Other dogs may seem to struggle to breathe in at all and look and act as though they are gasping for air.^[17]

   • Typically, dogs breathe between ten and thirty-five times each minute. To check your dog’s rate of respiration, set a timer for fifteen seconds. Count your dog’s heart beats and multiply by four. If your dog’s resting heartbeat is above thirty-five, seek medical assistance.^[18]
4. 
   4
   Monitor your dog’s food intake. Stroke affects some dogs the way carsickness does. It causes dizziness and nausea which may lead to vomiting and loss of appetite. If your dog seems suddenly unwilling or unable to eat or vomits frequently following meals, this may be a warning sign of stroke.^[19]
5. 
   5
   Check for bright red eyelids and gums. This discoloration indicates your pup has had a decrease in the amount of oxygen circulation. Dark red coloring inside the eyelids and mouth is one of the most noticeable changes that occurs when dogs have recently suffered a stroke.^[20]

reference: https://www.wikihow.com/Help-Your-Dog-Through-a-Stroke

1. 
   1
   Put your mouth around the puppy’s nose and mouth. To effectively resuscitate the puppy, you’ll have to breathe for the puppy. Breathing is the foundation of CPR.

   • Place the puppy on a flat surface and lay them on their right side.
   • Alternatively, you can also use your hand to form a tight seal around the puppy’s nose and mouth, put your mouth to your hand, and provide breaths through your hand.
   • Know that diseases like Brucellosis may be transmitted from puppies to humans through fluids. Use the hand method to protect from this danger.^[5]
2. 
   2
   Provide two or three small breaths. After you’ve formed a seal around the puppy’s mouth and nose, you need to begin breathing for the puppy. Make sure you perform this function calmly and slowly, as you don’t want to injure the puppy.

   • Make sure your breaths are small and measured. The puppy’s lungs are very small. Blowing too much air may damage it.
   • Do not fully exhale.
   • Provide a pause of 1 second between each breath.^[6]
3. 
   3
   See if the puppy begins breathing. Your most certain sign of success is a breathing puppy. Look at the puppy’s chest. If you don’t observe breathing, you need to continue CPR.

   • If you do not feel or observe a heartbeat or breathing, you need to move on to chest compressions.^[7]

1. 
   1
   Search for a heartbeat. After breathing for your puppy, you need to search to see if its heart has restarted. While you should do this quickly, you also need to make sure you stay focused and do not panic.

   • Place the puppy on a flat surface.
   • Put your index and middle finger on the chest wall to feel for a heartbeat.
   • Use a stethoscope, if you have one.
   • If you don’t locate a heartbeat, you’ll need to perform chest compressions.^[8]
2. 
   2
   Position your hands. After you’ve confirmed that there is no heartbeat, you need to position your hands. Positioning your hands is one of the major tasks of CPR – as you want to make sure that they are in the appropriate position to apply pressure to the heart.

   • Put your thumbs and forefingers around the puppy’s chest.
   • Your thumbs should be in the middle of the chest, behind the front legs.^[9]
3. 
   3
   Compress the puppy’s chest. If you feel no heartbeat, you need to compress the puppy’s chest rapidly. Compression is intended to help restart the heart.

   • Push down with a light touch but enough to compress the chest 30% of its full width. Allow the chest to expand before giving another compression.^[10]
   • Create 17 compressions every 10 seconds. If you have someone with you, have them count out the 10 seconds for you.
   • Stop if you notice a heartbeat or breathing.^[11]

1. 
   1
   Repeat breathing. After compressing the chest, you need to breathe for the puppy again. This is important, as many dogs do not respond immediate to the first breaths or compressions.

   • Perform mouth to snout every 15 to 20 seconds.
   • Be very gentle and remember not to breathe too hard.
   • Check for signs of breathing.^[12]
2. 
   2
   Continue chest compressions. Whenever you complete your repetitions of breathing, you should also perform more chest compressions. When repeating chest compressions, make sure to:

   • Check for a heartbeat.
   • Position your hands appropriately.
   • Rapidly, but gently, compress the puppy’s chest.^[13]
3. 
   3
   Perform CPR as needed. In some circumstances, you may need to continue CPR for what seems like a long time before you notice results. You should, however, continue to perform CPR as long as you think there is hope of resuscitating the puppy.

   • Don’t give up too early.
   • You may perform CPR for up to 20 minutes.^[14]
   • The success rate for CPR on pets is relatively low – less than one in ten. If you cannot resuscitate the puppy, it is probably not your fault.^[15]
4. 
   4
   Care for the puppy after resuscitation. If you succeed in getting the puppy breathing again, you need to continue care. Ultimately, the puppy won’t be out of danger until they can breathe on their own for an extended amount of time.

   • Get your puppy to the veterinarian as soon as possible after successfully resuscitating it. Respiratory or cardiac arrest can recur even after a successful resuscitation.
   • After resuscitation, you will need to monitor your puppy for signs of distress for up to 48 hours.
   • Turn your puppy right side up and rub it with a towel after you resuscitate it.
   • If your puppy starts to breathe and stops again, continue giving it small breaths until it breathes on its own.^[16]

   reference: https://www.wikihow.com/Give-a-Newborn-Puppy-CPR

1. 
   1
   Take your dog to your vet. Your dog will need to be treated by your vet, even if you got your dog to vomit. Vomiting is just a quick fix and will not get rid of all the toxin in your dog’s stomach.^[19] Veterinary care is essential if your dog didn’t vomit—this means your dog will need something stronger than hydrogen peroxide to vomit.^[20]

   • Do not get delay in getting your dog to your vet.
   • If your dog vomited, take a picture of it to show to your vet.
2. 
   2
   Tell your vet what happened. Even if you already spoke to your vet before giving your dog hydrogen peroxide, it will be helpful to repeat what happened while your vet examines your dog. You should also tell your vet how much hydrogen peroxide you gave your dog and how many times you gave the hydrogen peroxide.

   • If your dog vomited, describe what the vomit looked like, or show the picture of the vomit.
3. 
   3
   Allow your vet to treat your dog. Your vet has access to medications that can induce vomiting, as well as substances that can prevent toxin absorption. For example, your vet can give your dog activated charcoal, which will bind to the toxin in the digestive system and prevent absorption.^[21]

   • Apomorphine is an opioid medication that can induce vomiting. It usually works within five to ten minutes.^[22]
   • A drug called xylazine can also induce vomiting in dogs.^[23]
   • Your vet will determine the best way to treat your dog’s ingestion of a toxic substance.

1. 1
   Research which substances should not be vomited up. Some substances, after being ingested, can cause a lot of damage if vomited back up. If you know your dog swallowed one of the following substances, do not induce vomiting:^[24]

   • Bleach
   • Drain cleaner
   • Petroleum-containing substance, such as gasoline
2. 
   2
   Look for signs of serious poisoning. Getting a dog to vomit can be dangerous if the dog is extremely sick or unresponsive. If your dog is showing signs of severe poisoning, do not induce vomiting. Take your dog to your vet right away. Look for the following signs indicating severe poisoning:^[25]

   • Difficulty breathing
   • Looking depressed
   • Having seizures
   • Slow heart rate
   • Unconscious
3. 
   3
   Do not use ipecac or salt to induce vomiting. Syrup of ipecac used to be recommended for inducing vomiting in dogs. However, it can linger in the stomach and cause a lot of stomach irritation if a dog doesn’t vomit. Salt is also no longer recommended because it can become toxic if a dog is given too much of it.^[26]
4. 
   4
   Induce vomiting promptly. If possible, get your dog to vomit within about two hours after it has ingested something toxic.^[27] After two hours, the toxin will have moved into the intestines, making induction of vomiting no longer effective.^[28]

reference: https://www.wikihow.com/Get-a-Dog-to-Vomit

1. 
   1
   Take your dog to your vet. By itself, bilious vomiting syndrome is not a serious problem in dogs. However, it can lead to other problems. Therefore, if your dog is vomiting bile, do not delay with taking your dog to your vet.^[7] The sooner your vet can diagnose this syndrome, the sooner your dog can receive treatment and not develop health problems related to vomiting bile.
2. 
   2
   Have your vet examine your dog. Your vet will perform a physical examination. During the physical exam, describe the vomiting episodes in as much detail as possible: when your dog vomits, what the vomit looks like, and how long the vomiting has been going on. The more information you give your vet, the better able they’ll be able to diagnose your dog.
3. 
   3
   Learn about why dogs vomit bile. Although it’s well known that dogs vomit bile when they have an empty stomach, it’s not clearly known how the bile gets into the stomach in the first place.^[8] Some potential causes of bile abnormally flowing into the stomach include inflammatory bowel diseases, internal parasites (Giardia), and intestinal blockage.^[9]

reference: https://www.wikihow.com/Diagnose-Yellow-Foamy-Vomit-in-Dogs

1. 1
   Take your dog to the veterinarian as soon as possible. It is important to get your Lab under the care of a veterinarian quickly so that it can get treatment. Call your veterinary office and tell them about the situation. They should get you in immediately on an emergency basis.

   • If your veterinary clinic is not open, take your dog to an emergency dog clinic or hospital.
   • Gastric torsion and bloat are very, very serious. This is because the dilation of the stomach and subsequent twisting does not only affect the stomach. It can compress big arteries and veins in the abdomen, which can drop blood pressure and affect the liver. This can lead to shock and a serious, sometimes deadly, condition called disseminated intravascular coagulation or excessive blood clotting.^[8] The heart can also be affected by arrhythmia, or an irregular heartbeat.^[9]
2. 
   2
   Approve additional testing. Your veterinarian may want to do additional testing to get a better sense of the overall health of the dog. Dogs that are suspected of having GDV will have blood work done at the veterinary clinic, which will include a complete blood count and blood chemistry tests.

   • These tests may show the dog to be dehydrated, toxic and/or in shock.
   • In addition, radiographs, or possibly an ultrasound, of the abdomen will performed. Radiographs (or X-rays) will show an air or fluid-filled stomach with a tell-tale sign called “double-bubble” or “Popeye’s arm,” in which the twisted stomach appears as two air filled bubbles.^[10]
3. 
   3
   Follow your veterinarian’s suggestions for treatment. The immediate goal of treatment is to restart circulation through the stomach.^[11] Once a firm diagnosis is made, the dog will need to be stabilized with fluids and medication. It will then be taken to surgery to decompress and untwist the stomach.

   • Even after surgery, the dog will not be out of danger for a few days, due to the severe intestinal and circulatory problems this condition causes.

1. 
   1

   Monitor your dog’s behavior. Most noticeably, your Great Dane may be uncomfortable and unable to settle. He may also look anxious and frequently glance at his flanks, where you might notice swelling as air fills his stomach. As the bloat worsens, your dog may become increasingly distressed. He may whine or howl to vocalize his pain and discomfort. If untreated, he will go into shock and might collapse as his circulation system fails.^[12]

   • Bloat is usually associated with recently eating a meal. After eating, you may notice your Great Dane become restless and pace around.

2. 
   2

   Contact a veterinarian. If you suspect your dog has bloat, get veterinary attention immediately. Call or meet with the veterinarian to discuss your Great Dane’s symptoms. Since early treatment is vital, it’s better to be overly cautious and get medical attention as soon as you see signs of bloat.

   • Even with veterinary care, around 25-33% of dogs with bloat die, so early treatment is important.^[13]

3. 
   3

   Get a physical examination. The veterinarian will feel your dog’s abdomen for signs of tympany (gas build up) and check for signs of shock. If bloat is suspected, the veterinarian might insert a large bore catheter into the stomach where there’s the greatest buildup of gas. This will remove the immediate pressure.^[14]

   • Your Great Dane probably has bloat if foul smelling gas comes out through the catheter.

4. 
   4

   Get further testing. The veterinarian may want to confirm a diagnosis of bloat with additional testing. In one test, your Great Dane will lay on his side while an x-ray is taken of the front of his abdomen. The veterinarian may confirm bloat if the x-ray shows a stomach dilated with air and soft tissue running across it.^[15]

   • The veterinarian may also order an ultrasound to look at the location of the spleen. However, it’s more likely that the vet will want to begin relieving stomach pressure and corrective surgery instead.

   reference: https://www.wikihow.com/Diagnose-Bloat-in-Great-Danes

1. 1

   Recognize acute diarrhea. Many dogs have an upset stomach but are not sick in any other way. This means that while they have diarrhea, they are otherwise healthy. Diarrhea that occurs suddenly and stops after your dog fasts or has a bland food diet is acute.

   • For these dogs treatments like withholding food and then re-introducing a bland diet may be all that is needed.^[13]
2. 2

   Fast your dog. Diarrhea is a symptom of gastrointestinal (GI) distress. For a dog experiencing acute diarrhea, their stomach and GI tract need time to recover after they have had diarrhea. Do not feed your dog for 24 hours after they have experienced diarrhea.^[14]

   • This 24 hour period gives your dog’s GI tract a chance to recover and heal.
   • Continue to give your dog small amounts of water so they do not become dehydrated.
3. 3

   Try feeding them a bland diet. After your dog has completed the 24 hour period without diarrhea, you can reintroduce food. Healthy dogs that are suffering from diarrhea may only need a few days of bland food to reduce their discomfort. Rather than feeding them their regular dog food, try feeding them a bland food diet for 24 hours.

   • Offer your pet a small meal of boiled chicken and white rice. Do not use any seasonings when you cook the food as they may upset your dog’s stomach.^[15]
   • You can continue feeding your dog this bland food diet until their stool becomes normal again.^[16]
4. 
   4

   Give your dog probiotics. Diarrhea physically expels the bacteria in the bowel that help your dog digest food. To speed up recovery, it helps to give your dog a dietary supplement that contains helpful bacteria to help get your dog’s digestive system back on track.^[17]

   • There are many canine probiotics available without prescription from your veterinary clinic, such as Promax (an oral paste) or Fortiflora (granules which are added to food). Typically these are given once a day for three days.
   • Dogs use different digestive bacteria than people do, so there is no point feeding your dog a human probiotic product.

1. 
   1

   Determine if your dog has chronic diarrhea. If your dog’s diarrhea is the result of an infection or disease, rather than snacking on something he shouldn’t, then medical treatment may be needed. Your veterinarian will recommend the best course of treatment for your dog based on their diagnosis.^[18]

   • It is important to treat the underlying cause of chronic diarrhea rather than just the diarrheal symptoms.^[19]
   • Never give your dog over the counter medicine unless you have spoken to your veterinarian. These medicines, while they may work for acute diarrhea, could aggravate your dog’s underlying condition and make them worse.
2. 
   2

   Treat parasites. One of the common underlying causes of diarrhea is the presence of intestinal parasites, like worms. If the fecal analysis shows the presence of worms, your veterinarian will recommend an oral medicine to kill the parasites and then an additional medicine to prevent future parasites.^[20]

   • A single oral dose will get rid of the parasites present at that moment in time. It is wise to repeat the dose a month later.^[21]
   • It is important to use preventative care when it comes to parasites in your dog. By using a preventative oral or topical medicine, you can lessen the chances that your dog will experience diarrhea from this condition.^[22]
3. 
   3

   Try putting your dog on a hypoallergenic diet. If a dietary allergy or food hypersensitivity is suspected, then removing the allergen from the diet will treat your dog’s diarrhea. Your vet will recommend a commercial prescription hypoallergenic diet for your dog.^[23]

   • By changing your dog’s diet to remove this allergen, their diarrhea should stop.
   • Changing foods can also upset your dog’s stomach, so you will need to gradually introduce this new food by mixing it with their old food.
4. 
   4

   Give your dog vitamin B injections. Some dogs with chronic diarrhea experience this condition because they have an enzyme deficiency. Injections of B vitamins will replace the enzymes that your dog isn’t naturally producing. This kind of treatment is usually seen in dogs that have pancreatic conditions.

   • Injections will be stopped once your dog’s enzyme levels are high enough and their chronic diarrhea stops.

1. 
   1

   Treat the dog at home. It is okay to watch your dog closely at home if your dog is still happy and begging for food after it vomits. If it has other symptoms, such as lethargy or spasm, you should take it to the vet immediately.

   • Keep your dog happy but it is also a good idea to protect your home from additional messes. Place the dog in a room with hard floors, in other words no carpet, so that any future vomiting can be easily cleaned up. Keep it company, however, and try to soothe it with lots of love and affection.
2. 
   2

   Feed the dog a bland diet after 12 hours of fasting. The treatment for dogs with upset stomachs is to withhold all food for 12 hours (despite the begging) and give them small amounts of water every 2-3 hours during this time. If they are able to keep the water down after 12 hours of food withholding, you can offer them two teaspoons (for a small dog), two tablespoons (for a medium sized dog), or ¼ cup (for a large dog) of a bland diet.

   • A bland diet consists of carbohydrates and proteins that a dog can easily digest. The most common bland diet to give a dog is a mixture of cooked white rice and boiled chicken, without bones or skin.^[5] This meal gives your dog’s digestive system a break because it is very easy to digest.
   • If the dog can keep the first small amounts down, offer the diet in these same amounts every 3 – 4 hours for the first day. Then mix it with the dog’s regular food half and half the next day. By day three, the dog should be back to its regular food and feeding amount.
3. 
   3

   Continue to monitor your dog’s health. Even after your dog has stopped vomiting, you should still keep a close eye on them for a few days. Call a veterinarian if the following occurs:

   • If the dog is continuously vomiting.
   • If the dog has other signs of illness: diarrhea, extreme lethargy, pale gums, frequent urination, yellow appearance to the eyeballs or skin.
   • If after a 24 hour food withhold the dog is still vomiting.
   • If you have any other concerns or suspect it’s more than a simple case of vomiting.
4. 
   4

   Take the dog to the vet if illness increases. At any time if the dog starts to vomit again or is unable to keep water down it should be brought to a veterinarian’s office. It should also be brought to the veterinarian’s office if any of the following signs occur:

   • Increase in frequency or amount of urination
   • Yellow appearance to eye whites, skin or mouth
   • Pale gums along with extreme lethargy
   • Vomiting blood
   • Diarrhea that is very watery or has blood in it
5. 
   5

   Follow your veterinarian’s treatment plan. Treatment depends upon the cause of the vomiting. Some treatments include:

   • Withholding of food for up to 24 hours, then a gradual reintroduction of food or a bland diet for up to 7 days. The dog can have small drinks of water as long as it is able to keep this down. Otherwise withhold water as well.^[6]
   • Medicine to treat intestinal parasites, inflammation, or infection.
   • Surgery to remove foreign bodies.
6. 
   6

   Give ongoing treatment. Ongoing management will be needed in cases of chronic diseases. Food and medication changes are used to manage liver disease, inflammation of the intestinal tract, kidney disease, Addison’s disease, and myasthenia gravis. Food changes may also need to be made in dog’s with sensitive stomachs.^[7]

   • In dogs with megaesophagus special feeding arrangements need to be made along with food and medication. These dogs need to be fed in a vertical position, not merely from an elevated bowl, and they need to stay in that position for 20-30 minutes after eating to ensure all the food stays in the stomach. A special chair, called a Bailey chair, can be made or purchased to keep them in this eating position.^[8]
   • A soft to wet food diet is also recommended along with medications to increase the movement of the esophagus and to reduce acid from the stomach. With proper feeding position, food and medication dogs with megaesophagus can lead a long and healthy life.